Consenso colombiano de Falla Intestinal Crónica en Síndrome de Intestino Corto / Colombian Consensus on Chronic Intestinal Failure in Short Bowel Syndrome

Introducción. Los términos falla intestinal crónica, síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) y nutrición parenteral total son muy frecuentes en la práctica clínica cotidiana.El objetivo de esta guía fue establecer un marco de referencia de práctica clínica basado en el mejor de nivel de evidencia en pacientes con falla intestinal crónica secundaria a síndrome de intestino corto. Métodos. Se estableció un grupo de expertos interdisciplinarios en el manejo de la falla intestinal crónica quienes, previa revisión de la literatura escogida, se reunieron de manera virtual acogiendo el método Delphi para discutir una serie de preguntas seleccionadas, enfocadas en el contexto terapéutico de la falla intestinal crónica asociada al síndrome de intestino corto. Resultados. La recomendación del grupo de expertos colombianos es que se aconseje a los pacientes con SIC consumir dietas regulares de alimentos integrales que genere hiperfagia para compensar la malabsorción. Las necesidades proteicas y energéticas dependen de las características individuales de cada paciente; la adecuación del régimen debe ser evaluada a través de pruebas clínicas, antropométricas y parámetros bioquímicos. Se sugiere, especialmente a corto plazo después de la resección intestinal, el uso de análogos de somatostatina para pacientes con yeyunostomía de alto gasto en quienes el manejo de líquidos y electrolitos es problemático. En pacientes con SIC, que son candidatos a tratamiento con enterohormonas, Teduglutida es la primera opción. Conclusión. Existen recomendaciones en el manejo integral de la rehabilitación intestinal respaldadas ampliamente por este consenso y es importante el reconocimiento de alternativas terapéuticos enmarcadas en el principio de buenas prácticas clínicas.

Introduction. The terms chronic intestinal failure, short bowel syndrome (SBS), and total parenteral nutrition are very common in daily clinical practice. The objective of this guideline was to establish a reference framework for clinical practice based on the best level of evidence in patients with chronic intestinal failure secondary to short bowel syndrome. Methods. A group of interdisciplinary experts in the management of chronic intestinal failure was established who, after reviewing the selected literature, met virtually using the Delphi method to discuss a series of selected questions, focused on the therapeutic context of chronic intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome. Results. The recommendation of the Colombian expert group is that patients with SBS be advised to consume regular diets of whole foods that generate hyperphagia to compensate malabsorption. Protein and energy needs depend on the individual characteristics of each patient; the adequacy of the regimen must be evaluated through clinical, anthropometric tests and biochemical parameters. The use of somatostatin analogue is suggested, especially in the short term after bowel resection, for patients with high-output jejunostomy in whom fluid and electrolyte management is problematic. In SBS, who are candidates for enterohormonal therapy, Teduglutide is the first choice. Conclusion. There are recommendations on the comprehensive management of intestinal rehabilitation that are widely supported by this consensus and it is important to recognize therapeutic alternatives framed in the principle of good clinical practice.

Proceso que vive el paciente quirúrgico abdominal al recibir soporte nutricional artificial / Process experienced by the abdominal surgical patient receiving artificial nutritional support / Processo vivenciado pelo paciente cirúrgico abdominal que recebe suporte nutricional artificial

Introducción: La persona en postoperatorio de cirugía abdominal puede llegar a presentar complicaciones a causa de la patología quirúrgica de base o por la cirugía, impidiendo iniciar o tolerar la vía oral. Una medida que se toma para prevenir o tratar la desnutrición hospitalaria es el manejo con soporte nutricional artificial, evento que transforma la forma de percibir y vivir el proceso de alimentación. Objetivo: comprender el proceso que vive la persona adulta al recibir soporte nutricional artificial en el postoperatorio de cirugía abdominal. Materiales y métodos: se empleó la metodología cualitativa, teoría fundamentada, según postulados de Corbin y Strauss. Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a 21 personas adultas en postoperato-rio de cirugía abdominal y manejo con soporte nutricional artificial. Resultados: del análisis de los datos se establecieron 4 etapas del proceso: presentando dificultad para alimentarse, estando desnutrido o en riesgo nutricional, recibiendo el soporte nutricional artificial y anhelando recu-perar la normalidad de la vida. Conclusiones: el proceso tiene un punto de inicio, determinado por las manifestaciones de la enfermedad, luego el paciente pasa a recibir soporte de nutrición artificial, situación que les genera miedo y ansiedad, continúa con la aceptación y el reconoci-miento de los beneficios de la nutrición artificial y finaliza con el inicio de la vía oral.

Introduction: the person in the postoperative period of abdominal surgery may present com-plications due to the underlying surgical pathology or due to the surgery, preventing them from starting or tolerating the oral route. A measure that is taken to prevent or treat hospital malnutrition is management with artificial nutritional support, an event that transforms the way of perceiving and experiencing the feeding process. Objective: to understand the process experienced by adults receiving artificial nutritional support in the postoperative period of ab-dominal surgery. Materials and methods: qualitative methodology was used, fundamental theory, according to Corbin and Strauss postulates. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 postoperative adults after abdominal surgery and management with artificial nutritional support. Results: From the analysis of the data, 4 stages of the process were established: pre-senting difficulty feeding, malnourished or at nutritional risk, receiving artificial nutritional support and longing to return to normal life.NConclusions: the process has a starting point, determined by the manifestations of the disease, then the patient begins to receive artificial nutrition support, a situation that generates fear and anxiety, continues with the acceptance and recognition of the benefits of nutrition. artificial and ends with the beginning of the oral route

Introdução: A pessoa em pós-operatório de cirurgia abdominal pode apresentar complicações decorrentes da patologia cirúrgica de base ou decorrentes da cirurgia, impedindo-a de iniciar ou tolerar a via oral. Uma medida adotada para prevenir ou tratar a desnutrição hospitalar é o manejo com suporte nutricional artificial, evento que transforma a forma de perceber e vivenciar o processo de alimentação. Objetivo: compreender o processo vivenciado por adultos que re-cebem suporte nutricional artificial no pós-operatório de cirurgia abdominal. Materiais e méto-dos: foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, grounded theory, segundo os postulados de Corbin e Strauss. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com 21 adultos no pós-operatório de ciru-rgia abdominal e manejo com suporte nutricional artificial. Resultados: A partir da análise dos dados foram estabelecidas 4 etapas do processo: apresentar dificuldade para se alimentar, estar desnutrido ou em risco nutricional, receber suporte nutricional artificial e desejar retornar à vida normal. Conclusões: o processo tem um ponto de partida, determinado pelas manifestações da doença, então o paciente começa a receber suporte nutricional artificial, situação que gera medo e ansiedade, continua com a aceitação e reconhecimento dos benefícios da nutrição artificial e termina com o início da via oral

Profilaxia com lock de etanol em cateter venoso central de longa permanência em crianças com disfunção intestinal grave: relato de seis casos / Ethanol lock prophylaxis in long-stay central venous catheters in children with severe intestinal dysfunction: a report of six cases

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o uso de lock de etanol na profilaxia infecciosa de cateteres venosos de longa permanência em recém-nascidos com disfunção intestinal grave e dependentes de nutrição parenteral total e prolongada, internados em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (nível terciário) entre 2015 e 2020. Das 914 admissões, seis (0,65%) recém-nascidos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A mediana da idade da passagem do cateter foi de 121,5 dias, sendo dois cateteres PowerPicc (PICC Power Sinergy™, São Paulo), um cateter Groshong (Groshong™ Central Venous Catheter BD, São Paulo) e três cateteres de silicone, todos tunelizados. O tempo de permanência apresentou mediana de 182,5 dias. Cinco pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um episódio de infecção associada ao cateter venoso central, sendo isolados agentes Gram-positivos, negativos e fungos. A mediana de dias de internação foi de 555, e a mortalidade, 33,3%. O lock de etanol não apresentou efeitos colaterais e foi relativamente eficaz na prevenção de infecções relacionadas ao cateter venoso central.

Abstract The aim of this study was to report on use of ethanol lock in long-term catheters in newborns with severe intestinal dysfunction, dependent on total and prolonged parenteral nutrition, in a Neonatal Intensive Care Center (tertiary level), between 2015 and 2020. Six infants (0.65%) out of the 914 admitted during the period met the inclusion criteria. The median age at catheter placement was 121.5 days. Two Powerpicc (PICC Power Sinergy™, São Paulo), one Groshong (Groshong™ Central Venous Catheter BD, São Paulo), and three silicone catheters were used, all tunneled, and the median dwell duration was 182.5 days. Four patients had at least one episode of infection related to the central venous catheter, and Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal agents were isolated. The median length of hospital stay was 555 days and mortality was 33.3%. The ethanol lock did not cause any side effects and was relatively effective in preventing infections related to the central venous catheter.

Efeitos da nutrição parenteral ou enteral, associadas ou não à glutamina, sobre a motilidade gastrintestinal em equinos submetidos à inanição e realimentação / Effects of parenteral or enteral nutrition, associated or not with glutamine, on gastrointestinal motility in horses submmited to starvation and refeeding

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da nutrição parenteral total ou enteral, associadas ou não à glutamina, sobre a motilidade gastrintestinal em equinos submetidos à inanição e realimentação. Foram utilizados 16 equinos adultos hígidos, sem raça definida, de ambos os sexos, quatro machos e 12 fêmeas, com idade variando entre quatro e 14 anos e peso corporal médio de 248,40 + 2,28 kg, divididos em quatro grupos, quatro animais por grupo: Grupo I (ENTGL): fluidoterapia enteral com eletrólitos associada a glutamina; Grupo II (PARGL): Nutrição parenteral total (NPT) associada a glutamina; Grupo III (ENTFL): fluidoterapia enteral com eletrólitos; Grupo IV (PARFL): fluidoterapia parenteral. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em um esquema fatorial 4x12 (grupos x tempo de colheita), para cada fase, e suas médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan ao nível de 5% de significância. Independente do grupo experimental ocorreu redução da motilidade gastrintestinal durante a fase de inanição, mais pronunciada nos grupos PARGL e PARFL. Uma vez restabelecida a alimentação a motilidade gastrintestinal retornou à normalidade.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enteral or total parenteral nutrition, associated or not with glutamine, on gastrointestinal motility in horses subjected to starvation and refeeding. 16 healthy, mixed-breed adult horses of both sexes, four geldings and 12 mares, with ages ranging from four to 14 years and an average body weight of 248.40 + 2.28 kg, were divided into four groups, four animals per group: Group I (ENTGL): enteral fluid therapy with electrolytes associated with glutamine; Group II (PARGL): total parenteral nutrition (TPN) associated with glutamine; Group III (ENTFL): enteral fluid therapy with electrolytes; Group IV (PARFL): parenteral fluid therapy. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a 4x12 factorial scheme (groups x harvest time), for each phase, and their means compared by the Duncan test at the level of 5% significance. Regardless of the experimental group, there was a reduction in gastrointestinal motility during the starvation phase, which was more pronounced in the PARGL and PARFL groups. Once the food was restored, gastrointestinal motility returned to normal.

Long-term effect of active parenteral nutrition support regimen in preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the long-term effect of active parenteral nutrition support regimen in preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks.@*METHODS@#According to the different doses of fat emulsion and amino acids used in the early stage, the preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks, who were admitted to the hospital within 24 hours after birth from May to December 2019, were divided into an active parenteral nutrition group and a conventional parenteral nutrition group (@*RESULTS@#At the age of 6 months, the active parenteral nutrition group (@*CONCLUSIONS@#For preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks, an active parenteral nutrition support strategy with high doses of fat emulsion and amino acids within 24 hours after birth can improve their long-term neurodevelopment.

Nutrição parenteral: panorama das amostras analisadas no Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / Parenteral nutrition: overview of the samples analyzed at the National Institute for Quality Control in Health / Nutrición parenteral: panorama de las muestras analizadas en el Instituto Nacional de Control de Calidad en Salud

Justificativa e objetivos: A Nutrição Parenteral Total (NPT) possui grande importância clínica no tratamento e prevenção da desnutrição de pacientes com problemas no sistema digestório. Apesar das boas práticas de manipulação de NPT estarem bem estabelecidas, a contaminação desses produtos ainda ocorre, e esses produto permanecem como um medicamento de alto risco pelo Institute for Safe Medication Practices. O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter um panorama sobre os dados documentais das amostras de nutrição parenteral encaminhadas ao Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo descritivo e quantitativo, com base em um coorte transversal de amostras de NPT analisadas no período de 2000 a 2016. Resultados: Foram encaminhadas 134 amostras de NPT no período do estudo. 11,20% das amostras foram encaminhadas em 2001, 0,80%, em 2005, 8,20%, em 2006, 16,40% em 2007, 63,40% em 2013. Seis amostras (4,5%) foram canceladas e 113 submetidas ao ensaio de esterilidade, resultando em 13,3% de amostras insatisfatórias. Conclusão: No período do estudo, quatro eventos suspeitos de contaminação bacteriana por enterobactérias em NPTs administradas em pacientes foram relatados, sendo três deles ainda não descritos na literatura. Para que a segurança dos pacientes que fazem uso de NPT seja garantida, sugere-se que as normas que regulamentam a terapia com NPT sejam revisadas e atualizadas e sejam estabelecidos programas de monitoramento da qualidade dessas preparações.(AU)

Background and objectives: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has great clinical importance in malnutrition treatment and prevention in patients with digestive problems. Although good practices for handling TPN are well established, contamination of these products still occurs, and this product remains listed as a higher risk drug by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. The present study aimed to obtain an overview of the documentary data of the parenteral nutrition samples sent to the National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS) of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Methods: This is a qualitative descriptive and quantitative study carried out based on a cross-section of TPN samples analyzed from 2000 to 2016. Results: A total of TPN 134 samples were sent during the study period. 11.20% of the samples were sent in 2001, 0.80% in 2005, 8.20% in 2006, 16.40% in 2007, 63.40% in 2013. Six samples (4.5%) were canceled and 113 submitted to sterility testing, resulting in 13.3% unsatisfactory samples. Conclusion: During the study period, four suspected events of enterobacterial contamination in TPNs administered to patients were reported, three of which have not yet been described in the scientific literature. For the safety of patients using TPN to be guaranteed, it is suggested that the norms that regulate TPN therapy be reviewed and updated, and programs to monitor the quality of these preparations should be established.(AU)

Justificatión y objetivos: La Nutrición Parenteral Total (NPT) tiene una gran importancia clínica en el tratamiento y la prevención de la desnutrición en pacientes con problemas en el sistema digestivo. Aunque las buenas prácticas para el manejo del TNP están bien establecidas, la contaminación de estos productos aún ocurre, y este producto sigue siendo catalogado como un medicamento de alto riesgo por el Institute for Safe Medication Practices. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener una visión general de los datos documentales de muestras de nutrición parenteral enviadas a Instituto Nacional de Control de Calidad en Salud (INCQS) por Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cualitativo y cuantitativo basado en una sección transversal de muestras de NPT analizadas entre 2000 y 2016. Resultados: Se enviaron un total de 134 muestras de NPT durante el período de estudio. 11,20% de las muestras enviadas en 2001, 0,80%, en 2005, 8,20%, en 2006, 16,40%, en 2007, 63,40%, en 2013. Seis muestras (4,5%) fueron cancelados y 113 sometidos a la prueba de esterilidad, resultando en 13,3% de muestras insatisfactorias. Conclusión: Durante el período de estudio, se informaron cuatro eventos sospechosos de contaminación por enterobaterias en NPT administrados a pacientes, tres de los cuales aún no se han descrito en la literatura. Para garantizar la seguridad de pacientes que usan NPT, se sugiere revisar y actualizar las normas que regulan la terapia de NPT y se deben establecer programas para controlar la calidad de estas preparaciones.(AU)

Multimídia interativa em saúde: capacitação de enfermeiros sobre cuidados dos pacientes em nutrição parenteral total / Interactive health multimedia: nursing training on patient care in nutrition total parenteral

A multimídia interativa é uma medida no âmbito da tecnologia de informação e comunicação adotada atualmente de forma ampla, com a proposta de difundir conhecimentos de forma muito mais acessível e uniforme a toda comunidade, interligada pela aplicação prática do conhecimento científico. Utilizando-se desse mecanismo de ampliação de conhecimentos, a ciência da saúde vêm empregando esses avanços tecnológicos na capacitação de profissionais, especialmente enfermeiros, no caso da presente pesquisa, na temática da Nutrição Parenteral Total. O objetivo do estudo foi estruturar e testar uma multimídia interativa construída no site Fábrica de Aplicativos, como estratégia de capacitação de enfermeiros que cuidam de clientes submetidos à nutrição parenteral. Metodologia: estudo intervencional, em instituição federal do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes foram avaliados sobre a temática, em pré teste, foi aplicado a multimídia interativa, realizada no site Fábrica de aplicativos, após isso, um pós teste, onde foi analisado as competências adquiridas após a implementação da multimídia interativa

Interactive multimedia is a measure in the field of information technology and communication currently widely adopted, with the proposal of disseminating knowledge in a much more accessible and uniform way to the whole community, interlinked by the practical application of scientific knowledge. Using this mechanism of knowledge enhancement, health science has been employing these technological advances in the training of professionals, especially nurses, in the case of the present research, in the theme of Total Parenteral Nutrition. The objective of the study is to structure and test an interactive multimedia built on the Application Factory site, as a training strategy for nurses who care for clients submitted to parenteral nutrition. Methodology: interventional study, in a federal institution of Rio de Janeiro. Participants Will be evaluated on the subject, in pre-test, will be applied to interactive multimedia, held in the Application Factory site, in a new moment, a post test, where will be analyzed the skills acquired after the implementation of interactive multimedia

Clinical effect of alanyl-glutamine-enriched nutritional support in the treatment of children with abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical effect of alanyl-glutamine-enriched nutritional support in the treatment of children with abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura.@*METHODS@#Children with abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura who needed nutritional support were enrolled and stratified according to age, sex and the severity of disease, and were randomly divided into a control group (n=118) and an enriched nutritional support group (n=107). The control group was given nutritional support without using alanyl-glutamine, while the enriched nutritional support group was given alanyl-glutamine-enriched nutritional support. Intravenous steroids were used according to the severity of disease in both groups. Other therapies were the same in the two groups. The two groups were compared in terms of the length of hospital stay, the rate and duration of use of intravenous steroids, the recurrence rate of symptoms during hospitalization, the rate of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the rate of weight loss and the rate of fasting for more than 5 days. All patients were followed up for 3 months after discharge to monitor the recurrence of symptoms.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in the length of hospital stay, the rate of TPN and the rate of fasting for more than 5 days between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the enriched nutritional support group, the control group showed significant increases in the rate and duration of use of intravenous steroids, the recurrence rate of symptoms and the rate of weight loss (P<0.05). After the 3-month follow-up, all the children resumed normal diet, and the recurrence rate of digestive symptoms was less than 20% in each group. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom (83.33%, 30/36), followed by vomiting and abdominal distention. No digestive hemorrhage was observed. All the symptoms were relieved after symptomatic treatment. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the recurrence rate of digestive symptoms (P=0.693).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Alanyl-glutamine-enriched nutritional support in the treatment of children with abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura can reduce the use of intravenous steroids and weight loss, but without impact on the length of hospital stay and post-discharge recurrence.

Nutritional approach as therapeutic manipulation in inflammatory bowel disease

Malnutrition is observed more frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to review the current knowledge regarding the efficacy of dietary and nutritional intervention in IBD patients. Exclusive enteral nutrition might be inferior to corticosteroid treatment in adults with active Crohn’s disease (CD) but might even be superior considering the adverse effects of corticosteroid treatment in children. Total parenteral nutrition has no advantage over enteral nutrition, which is considered a more physiologic modality in organ function. Current guidelines do not yet recommend ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for the prevention and maintenance of remission in IBD patients. Dietary fiber supplementation could be effective in the relief of symptoms and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (UC). Although vitamin D may be favorable to clinical course of IBD and bone density. Probiotic supplementation has proven to be effective in preventing and treating pouchitis for UC but is less effective in treating CD. Nutritional interventions not only correct nutritional deficiencies but also improve symptoms and clinical courses of the disease. Hence, nutritional approaches need to be developed to significantly evaluate the effectiveness of dietary interventions used to treat IBD.

Implementation of a Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Panel for Constitutional Newborn Screening in High-Risk Neonates

PURPOSE: Newborn screening (NBS) programs are important for appropriate management of susceptible neonates to prevent serious clinical problems. Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are at a potentially high risk of false-positive results, and repetitive NBS after total parenteral nutrition is completely off results in delayed diagnosis. Here, we present the usefulness of a targeted next-generation sequencing (TNGS) panel to complement NBS for early diagnosis in high-risk neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TNGS panel covered 198 genes associated with actionable genetic and metabolic diseases that are typically included in NBS programs in Korea using tandem mass spectrometry. The panel was applied to 48 infants admitted to the NICU of Severance Children's Hospital between May 2017 and September 2017. The infants were not selected for suspected metabolic disorders. RESULTS: A total of 13 variants classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic were detected in 11 (22.9%) neonates, including six genes (DHCR7, PCBD1, GAA, ALDOB, ATP7B, and GBA) associated with metabolic diseases not covered in NBS. One of the 48 infants was diagnosed with an isobutyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and false positive results of tandem mass screening were confirmed in two infants using the TNGS panel. CONCLUSION: The implementation of TNGS in conjunction with conventional NBS can allow for better management of and earlier diagnosis in susceptible infants, thus preventing the development of critical conditions in these sick infants.

Thiamine Deficiency in a Child with Short Bowel Syndrome and Review / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Thiamine (vitamin B₁) is a water-soluble vitamin that is not endogenously synthesized in humans. It is absorbed by the small intestine, where it is activated. Its active form acts as a coenzyme in many energy pathways. We report a rare case of thiamine deficiency in a 3.5-year old boy with short bowel syndrome secondary to extensive bowel resection due to necrotizing enterocolitis during his neonatal age. The patient was parenteral nutrition-dependent since birth and had suffered from recurrent central catheter-related bloodstream infections. He developed confusion with disorientation and unsteady gait as well as profound strabismus due to bilateral paresis of the abductor muscle. Based on these and a very low thiamine level he was diagnosed and treated for Wernicke encephalopathy due to incomplete thiamine acquisition despite adequate administration. He fully recovered after thiamine administration. After 1999 eight more cases have been reported in the PubMed mostly of iatrogenic origin.

Effect of Delayed Elevation of Thyrotropin on Feeding Intolerance in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of delayed elevation of thyrotropin (TSH) (deTSH) on gastrointestinal motility in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). METHODS: This study retrospectively investigated 228 premature VLBWI aged ≥4 weeks with normal neonatal TSH screening test results and free serum thyroxine levels. Infants with serum TSH levels ranging from 5 to 10 µIU/mL were categorized as the deTSH group (n=76), when TSH was measured at 4 (n=53), 8 (n=20), or 12 (n=3) weeks of age. Serum TSH levels in the control group (n=152) were <5 µIU/mL. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for the development of deTSH. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the relationship between deTSH and gastrointestinal motility. RESULTS: The mean gestational age and birth weight were 29.11±2.25 weeks and 1,157.4±218.0 g, respectively. Risk factors affecting deTSH were dopamine administration (odds ratio [OR], 8.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80 to 42.05; P=0.007) and operation time (OR, 6.95; 95% CI, 1.43 to 33.75; P=0.016) when the cumulative operating time was ≥1 hour. The mean±standard deviation (SD) duration of a nil per os (NPO) status was significantly higher in the deTSH (99.57±134.99 hours) than in the control group (37.25±59.02 hours) (P from analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]=0.001). The mean±SD duration (33.84±22.34 days) of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was considerably longer in the deTSH group than in the control group (27.68±13.08 days) (P from ANCOVA=0.003). CONCLUSION: Clinicians must consider deTSH in VLBWI showing feeding intolerance with a prolonged NPO and TPN status.

Efficacy of parenteral glutamine supplementation in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients

BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients need parenteral nutrition because of nausea, vomiting, and mucositis caused by conditioning regimens. The demand for glutamine increases during the HSCT period. We evaluated the effects of glutamine-containing parenteral nutrition on the clinical outcomes of HSCT patients. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed HSCT patients from Seoul National University from August 2013 to July 2017. Depending on their glutamine supplementation status, 91 patients were divided into 2 groups: glutamine group (N=44) and non-glutamine group (N=47). We analyzed the rate of weight change, infection (clinically/microbiologically documented), complications (duration of mucositis and neutropenia, acute graft versus host disease), and 100-days mortality in each group. RESULTS: Regarding the clinical characteristics of the patients, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups except that there was a larger proportion of myeloablative conditioning regimen in the glutamine group (P=0.005). In the glutamine group, the average number of days of glutamine use, parenteral nutrition, and mucositis was 7.6±1.4, 14.6±9.9, and 13.3±9.5, respectively. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed odds ratios of 0.37 (95% CI, 0.14–0.96; P=0.042) and 0.08 (95% CI, 0.01–0.98; P=0.048) for clinically documented infection and 100-days mortality, respectively, in the glutamine group. CONCLUSION: Results showed that the glutamine group had less clinically documented infection and 100-days mortality than the non-glutamine group, but the other outcomes did not show significant differences. The extended duration of glutamine supplementation according to the period of total parenteral nutrition and mucositis should be considered.

Propionic Acidemia with Novel Mutation Presenting as Recurrent Pancreatitis in a Child

Umbilical Venous Catheter Complication Presenting as Chylous Ascites in a Newborn: Intraperitoneal Extravasation of Total Parenteral Nutrition Infusate

Umbilical venous catheterization (UVC) is a common practice in intensive neonatal care. However, a malpositioned UVC and its prolonged use may lead to various problems, including mechanical, infectious, and thrombotic complications in various organs such as the liver, lungs, and heart. Congenital chylous ascites is characterized by abnormally high levels of triglycerides in the peritoneal fluid of newborns, which originate from refluxed lymph within the abdominal cavity. Herein, we report a case of an UVC complication presenting as chyloperitoneum simulating congenital chylous ascites in a preterm neonate that resulted from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) extravasation from a malpositioned UVC. Biochemical analysis of intraperitoneal chylous fluid and TPN infusate could help confirm the origin of chyloperitoneum. This case suggests that TPN extravasation from UVC should be considered when chyloperitoneum develops in newborns with an indwelling catheter. UVC positions must also be carefully monitored at regular intervals to recognize associated complications early, particularly in cases with an inevitably malpositioned catheter related to the anatomy of the vessel course.

Successful Management of a Gastric Leak with Endoscopic Stent after Sleeve Gastrectomy

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has become a standard procedure in bariatric surgery owing to its efficacy and simplicity. However, this procedure can cause life-threatening complications such as a gastric staple-line leak. A 24-year-old woman was transferred to the emergency department for evaluation of epigastric pain. Nine days prior to transfer, she underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy at another institution. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed fluid collection with air density along the left subphrenic space and gastrosplenic ligament area. Intravenous antibiotics and total parenteral nutrition were initiated. She underwent percutaneous catheter drainage. On postoperative day 18, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed to assess the site and size of the leak, and revealed a leak at the proximal staple line just below the gastroesophageal junction. A newly designed, fully covered antimigratory esophageal stent was placed to cover the leak from the distal esophagus to gastric midbody. Follow-up abdominal CT demonstrated improvement of the fluid collection at the location of the previous gastric leak. The stent was removed 3 weeks after insertion, and a barium study confirmed no more leakage. In this case, we experienced that the newly designed esophageal stent was safe and effective for preventing migration in the management of leak after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Esophageal Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy with Enteral Feeding Using a Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube / 대한흉부외과학회지

Early diagnosis followed by primary repair is the best treatment for spontaneous esophageal perforation. However, the appropriate management of esophageal leakage after surgical repair is still controversial. Recently, the successful adaptation of vacuum-assisted closure therapy, which is well established for the treatment of chronic surface wounds, has been demonstrated for esophageal perforation or leakage. Conservative treatment methods require long-term fasting with total parenteral nutrition or enteral feeding through invasive procedures, such as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or a feeding jejunostomy. We report 2 cases of esophageal leakage after primary repair treated by endoscopic vacuum therapy with continuous enteral feeding using a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.

Uso de varfarina em pediatria: características clínicas e farmacológicas / Use of warfarin in pediatrics: clinical and pharmacological characteristics

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever como as crianças respondem à anticoagulação oral com varfarina, verificando a influência da idade, da condição clínica, da via de administração da varfarina e do uso de Nutrição Parenteral Total (NPT), e apresentar a presença de fatores de risco para eventos tromboembólicos (TE). Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com pacientes ≤18 anos que iniciaram o uso da varfarina em um hospital universitário. Os pacientes foram divididos conforme condição clínica, idade, forma de administração do medicamento e uso de NPT. Foram utilizados os dados dos prontuários dos pacientes, considerando os fatores de risco para TE já descritos na literatura, o tempo e a dose necessária para atingir a primeira Razão Normalizada Internacional (INR) no alvo e eventos adversos nesse período. No período posterior ao alcance de INR, foi verificada a manutenção da anticoagulação, por meio da dose prescrita e dos exames de INR. Resultados: Vinte e nove pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. O principal fator de risco para TE foi o uso de cateter venoso central, em 89,6% dos pacientes. Os pacientes com síndrome do intestino curto e em uso de NPT necessitaram de doses significativamente maiores (p≤0,05) para atingir e manter a INR no alvo. Os pacientes com ≤1 ano levaram mais tempo e necessitaram de uma dose maior para anticoagular e para manter o INR no alvo que os pacientes mais velhos. A mediana de exames de INR abaixo do alvo foi de 48,2% nos grupos estudados. Conclusões: A complexidade da terapia anticoagulante reforça a necessidade da elaboração de protocolos que orientem a prática clínica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe how children respond to oral anticoagulation with warfarin, verifying the influence of age, clinical condition, route of administration of warfarin and use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), as well as to describe risk factors for the occurrence of thrombotic events (TE) in childhood. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study including all patients ≤18 years old for whom warfarin was prescribed in a university hospital. Patients were divided according to clinical condition, age, route of medication administration and use of TPN. Data was collected from the patients' medical records and the analysis considered the risk factors for TE already described in the literature, the time and the dose required in order to reach the first International Normalized Ratio (INR) in the target and the adverse events in this period. After reaching the INR, the maintenance of anticoagulation was verified by the prescribed dose and INR tests. Results: Twenty-nine patients were included in the study. The major risk factor for TE was the use of a central venous catheter in 89.6% of the patients. Patients with short bowel syndrome and total parenteral nutrition required significantly higher doses (p≤0.05) to achieve and maintain the INR in the target. Patients ≤1 year old needed longer periods and required an increased dose of anticoagulation and maintenance than older patients. The mean number of INR examinations below the target was 48.2% in the groups studied. Conclusions: The observed complexity of anticoagulant therapy reinforces the need to develop protocols that guide clinical practice.

Incidence and treatment of chylothorax in children undergoing corrective surgery for congenital heart diseases

Abstract Introduction: Chylothorax is a lymphatic extravasation into pleural cavity and its incidence is 0.25%-5.3% in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of chylothorax in pediatrics patients operated, linking it in each surgical intervention. Evaluate treatment types and efficiency. Methods: Retrospective study using medical records of children undergoing cardiac surgery in the Hospital do Coração between 2004 and 2014. For statistical analysis, qualitative variables by absolute frequency and relative frequency; quantitative variables, by median of 25 and 75 percentiles, as they did not present normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk, P<0.05). The Chi-square test was used for the association between type of treatment and result. The adopted confidence level was 95%. Results: Incidence of chylothorax was 2.1% (0.9% in intracardiac surgery, 1.7% correction of patent ductus arteriosus and aortic coarctation, 8.3% Glenn's surgery, 11.8% total cavopulmonary surgery and 3% in others). Among treatments, fasting associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) resolved 51% of the cases. Hypoglossal diet had failed treatment and surgical referral in 22% of the cases. Fasting with TPN associated with octreotide had success in the treatment of chylothorax in a period exceeding 15 days in 78% of cases, and 3.7% were referred for surgery. Conclusion: According to the results, incidence of chylothorax was 2.18%. Treatment with fasting and TPN leads to resolutions in 86.5%, and the association with octreotide was successful in 85.1% of cases, showing an efficient option, while the treatment with hypoglossal diet had therapeutic failure in 22% of the cases in which it was used.

A Case Report of the Nutrition Support for a Patient with HELLP Syndrome

A 30-year-old female patient, 18 weeks gestational age, with no prior medical history was admitted to hospital complaining severe right upper quadrant pain. The patient was admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) after emergency surgery to treat intraperitoneal hemorrhage caused by rupture of liver hematoma. Despite the absence of high blood pressure, the patient was diagnosed with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome on the basis of abnormal levels of blood aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and platelet along with liver damage and proteinuria. While in ICU, the patient was given total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and enteral nutrition (EN) for –20 days because oral feeding was impractical. In the early stage, TPN supply was not sufficient to meet the elevated nutritional demand induced by disease and surgery. Nevertheless, continuous care of nutrition support team enabled satisfactory EN and, subsequently, oral feeding which led to improvement in patient outcome.